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27 Juli 2023 02.42 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Martir-martir Kristen di Spanyol Muslim/Bab 3 (←Membuat halaman berisi '3 The Martyrs of Córdoba and Their Historians [36] The abundant attention that the martyrs of Córdoba have attracted in the last four hundred years stands in marked contrast to the relative neglect they suffered in the first seven centuries after their deaths.(1) The only manuscript of Eulogius' writings known to have survived to modern times was one which presumably accompanied his own remains to Oviedo, where he was translated in 884. There it lay until the...')
27 Juli 2023 02.41 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Martir-martir Kristen di Spanyol Muslim/Bab 2 (←Membuat halaman berisi '2 The Martyrs of Córdoba [23] Who were the martyrs who contributed so much to the anxiety of the emirs? What prompted their suicidal outbursts against Islam? The limitations of the sources make these questions difficult to answer. The only martyr who left any written record was Eulogius and, as we shall see in a subsequent chapter, there is every reason to believe that he was not representative of the group as a whole. For the most part, what we know about the...')
27 Juli 2023 02.41 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Martir-martir Kristen di Spanyol Muslim/Bab 1 (←Membuat halaman berisi '1 Christians in Muslim Córdoba [5] In late summer of the year 711 a small Muslim contingent under the command of Mughîth ar-Rumî found its way to the bank of the Guadalquivir river opposite Córdoba.(1) There, in a stand of pine trees safely out of sight of the city's sentries, they set up camp and began to reconnoiter the area around the city. Some of the scouts came upon a shepherd, whom they apprehended and brought to Mughîth for questioning. From him th...')
27 Juli 2023 02.40 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Martir-martir Kristen di Spanyol Muslim/Pengenalan (←Membuat halaman berisi 'Introduction [1] The city of Córdoba was the setting for an unusual historical drama that unfolded between the years 850 and 859, when forty-eight Christians were decapitated for religious offenses against Islam. More striking than the number of executions were the peculiar circumstances surrounding them. For one thing, as the sources unambiguously demonstrate, the majority of the victims deliberately invoked capital punishment by publicly blaspheming Muhammad...')
27 Juli 2023 02.40 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Martir-martir Kristen di Spanyol Muslim/Pemastian (←Membuat halaman berisi 'Acknowledgements [ix] Many individuals contributed to this effort. The subject and method reflect Gavin Langmuir's contagious fascination with questions of religiosity and, more specifically, the process by which one religious community comes to grips with another. Lawrence Berman, Stephen Ferruolo, Sabine MacCormack, and George Brown also offered their insights, as did Martha Newman and William Klingshirn. The encouragement that I received from people like Kent...')
27 Juli 2023 02.39 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Templat:Smaller block/e (←Mengalihkan ke Templat:Div end) Tag: Pengalihan baru
27 Juli 2023 02.38 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Templat:Ditto/styles.css (←Membuat halaman berisi '.__ditto { display:inline-block; position:relative; According to the CSS spec, text-indent is inherited by default, and therefore on display:inline-block elements, it is "wise" to reset it to 0.: text-indent:0; } .__ditto_hidden { visibility:hidden; color: transparent; in case visibility doesn't work on a device, at least hide the text: white-space: nowrap; /* if the hidden text wraps the ditto will be in the wrong place. Probably the best you c...')
27 Juli 2023 02.37 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Templat:Ditto (←Membuat halaman berisi '<includeonly><templatestyles src="Ditto/styles.css"/><span class="__ditto"><span class="__ditto_hidden">{{{1}}}</span><span class="__ditto_text" style="{{#switch: {{{align|{{{3|}}}}}} | l | left = text-align:left; | r | right = text-align:right; | j | justify = text-align:justify;text-align-last:justify; | c | center | #default = text-align:center; }}{{#switch: {{{overflow|}}} | h | hidden = overflow: hidden; | v | visible | #default = overflow: visible;...')
27 Juli 2023 02.36 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Templat:Multicol-end (←Membuat halaman berisi '<includeonly> |} </div>{{clear}}</includeonly>')
27 Juli 2023 02.35 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Templat:Multicol-break (←Membuat halaman berisi '<includeonly> |style="padding-inline-start:{{{1|10px}}}; padding-inline-end:{{{1|10px}}}; border-inline-start:{{{line|none}}}; border-inline-end:{{{line|none}}};"|</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokumentasi}} </noinclude>')
27 Juli 2023 02.32 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Templat:Multicol/styles.css (←Membuat halaman berisi '@media all and (max-width: 720px) { table.multicol > tbody > tr > td { border: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } }')
27 Juli 2023 02.31 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Templat:Multicol (←Membuat halaman berisi '<includeonly><templatestyles src="Multicol/styles.css"/><div> {| class="{{{class|}}} multicol" align="{{{align|left}}}" style="width:{{{1|{{{width|100% !important}}}}}}; background-color:transparent; table-layout:fixed; border-collapse:collapse;{{#if:{{{style|}}}| {{{style}}};|}}" |- valign="top" {{#if:{{{rclass|}}}|class="{{{rclass}}}"}} {{#if:{{{rst...')
27 Juli 2023 02.30 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Templat:Smaller block/styles.css (←Membuat halaman berisi '.wst-xx-smaller-block{ line-height:1.4; font-size:58%; } .wst-x-smaller-block{ line-height:1.4; font-size:69%; } .wst-smaller-block{ line-height:1.4; font-size:83%; } .wst-fine-block{ line-height:1.4; font-size:92%; } .wst-larger-block{ line-height:1.4; font-size:120%; } .wst-x-larger-block{ line-height:1.4; font-size:144%; } .wst-xx-larger-block{ line-height:1.4; font-size:182%; } .wst-xxx-larger-block{ line-height:1.4; font-size:207%; } ....')
27 Juli 2023 02.28 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Templat:Smaller block/s (←Membuat halaman berisi '<onlyinclude><templatestyles src="Template:Smaller block/styles.css"/><div class="wst-smaller-block {{{class|}}}" {{optional style|style={{{style|}}}}}></onlyinclude> <noinclude></div> {{dokumentasi|Template:Smaller block/doc}} </noinclude>')
27 Juli 2023 01.10 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Index (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{dhr}} {{c|{{sp|{{larger|INDEX}}}}}} {{custom rule|sp|20|d|4|sp|20}} {{dhr|67%}} {{smaller block/s}} {{Multicol|line=1px solid black}} <poem>''Abba Salama'', 618. Abda, 344. Abgar, 295, 462 ff. Abraham, Mar, 489. Abu Bekr, 164 ff. Abyssinia, 296, 615 flf. Acacians, 70. ''Acephali'', 113, 567. ''Acœmeti'', 213. Adamantius Korais, 331. ''Addai, Doctrine of'', 461. Adoptionism, 218. Ædesius, 617. Agallianos, 195. Aggai, 463. Albigenses, 228. Ale...')
26 Juli 2023 07.43 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib memindahkan halaman Ravished Armenia/Pemastian ke Armenia yang Terampas/Pemastian
26 Juli 2023 07.39 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Divisi 5/Bab 5 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER V}} ABYSSINIAN CHRISTIANITY {{dhr|33%}}}} Abyssinian Christianity is a Judaistic, Monophysite form of religion which has been corrupted in the course of ages during its long severance from the influences of the rest of Christendom. It is naturally most nearly associated with the Coptic Church, because it derived its origin from Egypt, agreed with the Copts in following Dioscurus in his opposition to the decrees of Chalcedon, formerly owned...')
26 Juli 2023 07.38 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Divisi 5/Bab 4 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER IV}} THE TURKISH PERIOD AND MODERN EGYPT {{dhr|33%}}}} The rise of the Turkish power brought trouble to the Copts in common with Eastern Christians of other races. At first the Turks appeared as mercenaries of the Arabs, serving under Arabian caliphs. But gradually their genius for war carried them to the front, till at length Turkish sultans usurped the authority of the caliphate. As early as the eleventh century a band of rebel Turks robb...')
26 Juli 2023 07.37 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Divisi 5/Bab 3 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER III}} THE COPTS UNDER THE CALIPHATE {{dhr|33%}}}} The Coptic monks of this period, first harried by the Persians, next persecuted by the Melchites, and then oppressed by the Arabs, were now at their highest stage of culture. The mission of scholars from Syria to an Egyptian monastery for the revision of their own Scriptures is one sign of this fact. It seems clear that the Melchites studied the Greek classics as well as the Church Fathers....')
26 Juli 2023 07.34 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Divisi 5/Bab 2 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER II}} THE PERSIAN AND ARAB CONQUESTS {{dhr|33%}}}} The position of the Copts at the time of the Persian and Arab conquests of Egypt is without parallel in history. Two successive invasions swept over their country with but a short interval between them. This interval witnessed the brilliant exploits of Heraclius, who rescued the Byzantine Empire when it seemed likely to break down utterly and finally, and gave it a new lease of life, though...')
26 Juli 2023 07.32 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Divisi 5/Bab 1 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{dhr}} {{sp|{{x-larger|DIVISION V}}}} {{larger|THE COPTIC AND ABYSSINIAN CHURCHES}} {{custom rule|sp|20|d|4|sp|20}} {{larger|CHAPTER I}} ORIGIN AND EARLY HISTORY OF THE COPTIC CHURCH}} {{dhr|33%}} The Coptic Church is the ancient national Church of Egypt, which was separated from the Greek Church in the fifth century because it did not accept the decision of the council of Chalcedon, just as the Syrian Church had been cut off by its refusal to admit the...')
26 Juli 2023 07.30 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Divisi 4/Bab 6 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{larger|CHAPTER VI}} THE ARMENIAN CHURCH}} {{dhr|33%}} Armenia is a name used for a country of indefinite and varying extent, centred at the southern slopes of the Caucasus and the high table-land which is a western projection of the plain of Iran, and which culminates in Mount Ararat. At the time of the Romans it was divided into Armenia Minor, west of the Euphrates, and Armenia Major, east of that river. Situated at the meeting point of vast and ambitious em...')
26 Juli 2023 07.29 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Divisi 4/Bab 5 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER V}} LATER EASTERN CHRISTIANITY {{dhr|33%}}}} When Vasco de Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, he enlarged the world of the Latin race and religion in a way almost comparable with the influences of Columbus's discovery of America on the Teutonic peoples and the scope of Protestantism. The rediscovery of the Old World was only second in importance to the discovery of the New World. In the fifteenth century the Turkish despotism sprawling ove...')
26 Juli 2023 07.25 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Divisi 4/Bab 4 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER IV}} THE NESTORIANS OF THE FAR EAST {{dhr|33%}}}} The remarkable enterprise of the Syrian missions promoted by the impulse of the Nestorian movement is registered in the scattering of metropolitan sees over a vast area of Central and Eastern Asia. Impelled by two forces, the persecution of the orthodox Church in combination with the Byzantine Empire which drove them into exile, and the zeal for spreading the gospel which converted their ban...')
26 Juli 2023 07.23 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Divisi 4/Bab 3 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER III}} THE LATER NESTORIANS, THE CHALDÆANS, AND THE JACOBITES {{dhr|33%}}}} The Nestorians. During the earlier part of its history the Nestorian Church in the Persian Empire went through the trying experience of alternate patronage and persecution. It is difficult to say which was the more hurtful to it. The patronage was continuous over long periods of time; the persecution took the form of sudden outbreaks of massacre. When the monarch s...')
26 Juli 2023 07.22 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Divisi 4/Bab 2 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER II}} THE SYRIAN NESTORIANS {{dhr|33%}}}} The rise and progress of the Nestorians offers us one of the greatest surprises in history. By condemning them as heretics the council of Ephesus (a.d. 431) unwittingly gave them their opportunity. Church councils have succeeded in crushing movements which had not obtained much popular support. But no decree of a council has ever destroyed a powerful heresy. The great days of Arianism came after it h...')
26 Juli 2023 07.20 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Divisi 4/Bab 1 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{dhr}} {{sp|{{x-larger|DIVISION IV}}}} {{larger|THE SYRIAN AND ARMENIAN CHURCHES}} {{custom rule|sp|20|d|4|sp|20}} {{larger|CHAPTER I}} EARLY SYRIAN CHRISTIANITY}} Four influences have combined to keep the extreme Eastern portion of Christendom apart from the main body of the Greek Church. These may be described respectively as geographical, political, linguistic, and doctrinal. Geographically the churches of the Euphrates valley and those which were p...')
26 Juli 2023 07.18 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Divisi 3/Bab 7 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER VII}} RUSSIAN SECTS {{dhr|33%}}}} Nonconformity is as important a feature of the history of religion in Russia as it is in England. But, except in the case of the more recent sects which owe their origin to Western Protestant influences, Russian dissent is very different from English dissent. The typical English nonconformist is an opponent of ritualism and a champion of liberalism. He represents the Puritan of the seventeenth century. But...')
26 Juli 2023 07.17 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Divisi 3/Bab 6 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER VI}} THE ORTHODOX CHURCH IN MODERN RUSSIA}} After the death of Peter the Great (a.d. 1725) Russia was disturbed by contending factious. The great tsar's widow Catherine succeeded to the throne, but only survived him for two years. Peter, the son of the ill-fated Alexis, followed, and soon died. Next came the uneventful reign of Anne, who died in the year 1740. A series of changes in the government now rapidly supervened, till Elizabeth, the...')
26 Juli 2023 07.16 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Divisi 3/Bab 5 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER V}} PETER THE GREAT AND THE HOLY SYNOD}} Alexis died in the year 1676 at the age of forty-seven, and was succeeded by his eldest son Feodor, a young man of weak health, who reigned without distinction for six years, and died without an heir. Sophia, the daughter of Alexis, a handsome, clever woman, then contrived to have herself proclaimed regent for her imbecile brother Ivan and her young half-brother Peter, a child of Alexis by a second w...')
26 Juli 2023 07.15 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Divisi 3/Bab 4 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER IV}} THE PATRIARCHATE}} The reign of Ivan's son, the amiable, feeble Feodor, is noteworthy in Church history as the time when the brief patriarchate of Moscow was established. Hitherto there had been five patriarchs—the patriarchs of Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria, and Jerusalem. But Rome was now apostate. Like Matthias who was chosen to fill Judas's vacant place, the patriarch of Moscow was to make up the normal number again....')
26 Juli 2023 07.15 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Divisi 3/Bab 3 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER III}} THE REVIVAL OF RUSSIA}} At Rome the popes were always ready to regard the distress of the East as their own opportunity; and more than once the threatened approach of the Turks to Constantinople had opened up the way for negotiations between the Lateran and the Byzantine court. A similar condition is to be observed in Russia under the Mongol oppression. The orthodox Church appeared to be now in the most helpless and hopeless condition...')
26 Juli 2023 07.13 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Divisi 3/Bab 2 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER II}} THE MONGOLIAN INVASION OF RUSSIA {{dhr|33%}}}} The history of the foundation and establishment of the Church in Russia must be read with caution, since it rests on legends and traditions from one or two centuries before the age of the first chronicles. But in the year 1073, Nestor, the traditional father of Russian history, came to the monastery at Kiev.[1] From this time onwards there are contemporary records. Nestor's own chronicle i...')
26 Juli 2023 07.12 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Divisi 3/Bab 1 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{dhr}} {{sp|{{x-larger|DIVISION III}}}} {{larger|THE RUSSIAN CHURCH}} {{custom rule|sp|20|d|4|sp|20}} {{larger|CHAPTER I}} THE ORIGIN OF CHRISTIANITY IN RUSSIA}} {{dhr|33%}} After the fall of Constantinople in the year 1453 the centre of gravity of Oriental Christianity gradually moves northwards. The process is slow, at first imperceptible, occupying one or two centuries, and only to be recognised as continuous and ultimate by after reflection. Neverth...')
26 Juli 2023 07.11 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Divisi 2/Bab 3 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER III}} THE OUTLYING BRANCHES OF THE GREEK CHURCH {{dhr|33%}}}} The independence of the Church in Greece is not without precedents. One of the most interesting is afforded by the Church of Cyprus, the history of which is exhaustively described in Mr. Hackett's learned work.[1] That Church, which was founded by Paul and Barnabas, claimed to be independent of patriarchal interference on the ground of its apostolical origin and its ancient usage...')
26 Juli 2023 07.08 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Divisi 2/Bab 2 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER II}} THE LATER GREEK CHURCH UNDER THE TURKS {{dhr|33%}}}} The later history of the Greek Church need not detain us, for although Greece has never enjoyed the happiness of the country whose annals are dull, the page is no longer lit up by the presence of great men or fresh ideas. For more than two centuries the Church was dragged through the depths of degradation. The rapid succession of patriarchs was maintained at Constantinople, precariou...')
26 Juli 2023 07.06 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Divisi 2/Bab 1 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{sp|{{x-larger|DIVISION II}}}} {{larger|THE MODERN GREEK CHURCH}} {{custom rule|sp|20|d|4|sp|20}} {{larger|CHAPTER I}} CYRIL LUCAR AND THE REFORMATION}} The fall of Constantinople was quickly followed by the subjugation of almost all the remnants of the Byzantine Empire, Even the Venetians and the Knights of St. John were swept from the Levant by the victorious Turks. The consequence was the subjection of the Greek Church to Mohammedan despotism. The sultan...')
26 Juli 2023 07.05 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Divisi 1 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{sp|{{x-larger|DIVISION I}}}} {{larger|EARLY CHRISTIANITY OUTSIDE THE EMPIRE}} {{dhr|33%}}}} Before proceeding to sketch in brief outline the continuous story of the various Eastern Churches down the ages till our own day, it may be well to revert to the earliest period of the spread of Christianity in the outer world, and gather up the chief events in connection with the origin and growth of primitive churches beyond the confines of the Roman Empire. Much of...')
26 Juli 2023 07.04 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 2/Pengantar (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{sp|{{x-larger|'''PART II'''}}}} {{larger|'''THE SEPARATE CHURCHES'''}}}} The idea of a catholicity so wide and generous, or, as some would prefer to regard it, a comprehensiveness so lax and latitudinarian, as to contain a number of churches differing in doctrine, discipline, and ritual, which many people cherish in the present day, was scarcely conceived before modern times; it was not contemplated by any of the ancient churches, each of which anathemati...')
26 Juli 2023 07.02 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Pengantar (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|THE}} {{xx-larger|GREEK AND EASTERN CHURCHES}} {{custom rule|sp|20|d|4|sp|20}} {{larger|INTRODUCTION}}}} An adequate and independent history of the Greek and Eastern Churches would begin with the origin of Christianity, and trace from its commencement the development of the faith, which arose in the East and flourished for a considerable time most conspicuously in Syria, Asia Minor, Greece, and Egypt. But since two previous volumes of this Series...')
26 Juli 2023 06.58 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 1/Divisi 2/Bab 9 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER IX}} LIFE AND LETTERS IN THE BYZANTINE CHURCH {{dhr|33%}}}} The organisation of the Greek Church which was completed during the patristic period has never since undergone vital modifications in any of the three branches of its constitution—its dogma, its ritual, its government—excepting in so far as the last has been affected by political influences. The Monophysite and Monothelete controversies about the nature and will of Christ were...')
26 Juli 2023 06.53 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 1/Divisi 2/Bab 8 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER VIII}} THE GREEK CHURCH AT THE FALL OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE {{dhr|33%}}}} The decay of the Byzantine Empire involved the orthodox Church in two serious calamities. The Turkish victories brought disaster to those Christians who looked on Constantinople as the metropolis of their religion, over and above the ruin of the State of which the same city was the capital and at times almost the whole territory. That was bad enough. But the mischief...')
26 Juli 2023 06.50 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 1/Divisi 2/Bab 7 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER VII}} THE CRUSADES {{dhr|33%}}}} For the most part the Crusades have been studied from the standpoint of Western Europe, since it was there that they originated. Instigated by the Latin Church, they were carried on by swarms of devotees, fanatics, penitents, and adventurers from France, Germany, Italy, England. While the goal of their enterprise was in the East, and while the people most seriously affected by their achievements were Orienta...')
26 Juli 2023 06.48 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 1/Divisi 2/Bab 6 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER VI}} THE GREAT SCHISM {{dhr|33%}}}} The most momentous fact in the history of Christendom during the Middle Ages is the separation between the Eastern and the Western Churches. When we look at the two great communions, each of which claims to be the one genuine Church, we see them to have so much in common that we may wonder at the absolutely irreconcilable attitude they maintain towards each other. In discipline, ritual, and doctrine they...')
26 Juli 2023 06.46 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 1/Divisi 2/Bab 5 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER V}} THE PAULICIANS {{dhr|33%}}}} The Paulicians, to whom Gibbon devotes a whole chapter of his history, have been the most egregiously libelled of all the Christian sects. The orthodox Church accused them of the very scandals that the pagans had imagined with regard to the early Christians, and with no more basis of fact to rest their charges upon. Even ecclesiastics who behaved more reasonably confounded them with the hated Manichæans, or...')
26 Juli 2023 06.41 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 1/Divisi 2/Bab 4 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER IV}} THE RESTORATION OF IMAGE WORSHIP {{dhr|33%}}}} The war of the Byzantine emperors against image worship falls into two periods, being broken by an interval of a generation during which the practice was revived and encouraged by the government. The first period, consisting of the reigns of Leo the Isaurian and his son Constantine Copronicus, lasted for nearly half a century (from Leo's first decree in a.d. 726 to the death of Constantine...')
26 Juli 2023 06.40 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 1/Divisi 2/Bab 3 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER III}} THE ICONOCLASTIC REFORMS {{dhr|33%}}}} Nothing is more remarkable in the history of the Eastern portion of the Roman Empire centred at Constantinople than its repeated revival after what may well have appeared to be hopeless decay and ruinous devastation. We shall make a great mistake if we think of it as simply characterised by Gibbon's classic title. This is by no means merely the story of a "Decline and Fall." First we have Constan...')
26 Juli 2023 06.36 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 1/Divisi 2/Bab 2 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER II}} BYZANTINE ART {{dhr|33%}}}} The characteristics of Church life at this period are quite as clearly impressed upon its art as upon its literature. By studying the controversial writings of the time we may be able to gain some insight into the intellectual conditions of bishops and other leading theologians; but when we look at the churches, with their paintings and mosaics, many of which are still extant, or come to imagine what they ar...')
26 Juli 2023 06.24 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 1/Divisi 2/Bab 1 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{sp|{{x-larger|DIVISION II}}}} {{larger|THE MOHAMMEDAN PERIOD}} {{custom rule|sp|20|d|4|sp|20}} {{larger|CHAPTER I}} THE RISE AND SPREAD OF MOHAMMEDANISM}} {{dhr|33%}} Our familiar Western division of Church History into three periods—the Patristic, the Mediæval, and the Modern—does not rightly apply to the Eastern half of Christendom. There were no Middle Ages in the Oriental Churches, for the simple reason that there was no Renaissance or Reformation...')
26 Juli 2023 06.23 Glorious Engine bicara kontrib membuat halaman Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur/Bagian 1/Divisi 1/Bab 10 (←Membuat halaman berisi '{{c|{{larger|CHAPTER X}} EASTERN MONASTICISM {{dhr|33%}}}} We have seen that in the region of thought it was the Eastern branch of the Church that developed theology and settled the creed of Christendom. Now we have to observe how in matters of practice and conduct it was this same Oriental district that shaped the ideal and advanced farthest towards its attainment. After the early days of joyous liberty, not only during the patristic period, but right through...')