Gereja-gereja Yunani dan Timur

Perpustakaan Teologi Internasional

GEREJA-GEREJA YUNANI DAN TIMUR

OLEH

WALTER F. ADENEY, M.A., D.D.

KEPALA SEKOLAH KOLESE LANCASHIRE
MANCHESTER

NEW YORK

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS

1908

 

KATA PENGANTAR

Buku ini terbagi dalam dua Bagian. Dalam Bagian Pertama, aku menelisik sejarah badan utama Gereja sepanjang provinsi-provinsi timur dunia Kristen, sampai kehilangan satu cabang usai cabang lain nampak menjadi makin dan makin terbatas di wilayah, meskipun masih diklaim merupakan satu gereja ortodoks. Dalam Bagian Kedua aku mengambil kisah-kisah gereja terpisah. Dalam rangka memahaminya, aku perlu kilas balik pada setiap kasus sejauh mungkin untuk cikal bakal Gereja tertentu. Karena itu beberapa kontroversi Gereja yang lebih tua biasanya didiskusikan pada bagian pertama dari volume tersebut, dampaknya telah menjadi sejumlah repetisi tertentu. Namun aku memutuskan untuk menyatakan hal yang sama sebanyak lebih dari dua kali—pertama dalam sejarah umum dan kemudian dalam sejarah lokal—ketimbang meninggalkannya dalam ketidaklengkapan yang besar. Disamping itu, kisahnya tak selalu sama karena dipandang dari titik pendirian cabang lokal yang kala itu mula-mula muncul sepanjang sejarah utama.

Jika ada sifat khas apapun dari buku ini yang aku ingin klaim, ini merupakan dorongan terjujur terhadap keadilan untuk segala pihak. Kini, kontroversi panas telah meredam dan debu pertikaian dipadamkan, mungkin harus mengambil sudut pandang fakta yang tenang dan jelas, dengan pengakuan penuh dari semuanya sesuai dengan berbagai badan kristen yang pada masa kami sendirisaling menganatemakan satu sama lain.

Aku merancang setiap bab dalam dua daftar buku. Yang ditandai (a) adalah otoritas resmi utama; yang ditandai dengan (b) kurang lebih berasal dari karya-karya modern, yang seringkali disaring dari sejumlah besar karya, karena dalam keputusanku sendiri, buku-buku tersebut nampaknya banyak dipakai pelajar.

Aku ingin menyampaikan terima kasih kepada Profesor Gwatkin karena membaca dengan sangat baik keandalan dari bab-bab soal masa Arian, dan karena pemahaman dan sugesti kuatnya dalam perbincangan dengan rujukan kepada karya ini dan bagian lain dari sejarah; kepada Pendeta E. Eubank atas penawaran sejumlah karya dari koleksi buku lengkapnya tentang Gereja Timur; kepada para imam Yunani, Koptik, dan Armenia serta para pastor dan misionaris Protestan yang telah berbincang denganku seputar kondisi Gereja-gereja Timur saat ini; kepada para Pustakawan dan Otoritas British Museum, Perpustakaan John Ryland, Perpustakaan Dr. William, dan Perpustakaan Kolese-ku sendiri untuk kemurahan hati tak tertandingi dan kehormatan mereka dalam menyampaikan penghiraukanku terhadap kebanyakan buku—seringkali dari luar ranah sastra—yang memerlukan saran dalam upaya untuk menyoroti sebagian besar bidang sejarah, kebanyakan sedikit diketahui dan namun terkadang disampaikan.

Pada akhirnya, aku mencatat keraguanku dengan pengesahan yang hati-hati dan kritik sastra berharga dari istriku kala buku ini disampaikan lewat pers.

WALTER F. ADENEY.

Lancashire College,
September 1908.

 

DAFTAR ISI

1. HALAMAN

2. Pengantar ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   1–12

3. BAGIAN I GEREJA DAN KEKAISARAN   DIVISI I ZAMAN BAPA-BAPA GEREJA   BAB I Kekristenan di Timur di bawah Kaisar-kaisar Pagan

4. Zaman Apostolik—Sikap Roma—Penindasan—Keberadaan Gereja di Timur ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   13–26

5. BAB II Konstantinus Agung

6. Kebangkitan Konstantinus—Pendirian Konstantinopel—Perpindahan agama Konstantinus—Edik Milan—Hubungan Baru Gereja dan Negara ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   27–40

7. BAB III Arianisme

8. Bida'ah Timur—Cikal Bakalnya di Antiokhia—Sistem Arian—Arius di Aleksandria—Pengaruh Kaisar selaku Juru Damai—Konsili Nikæa—Pengakuan Iman Nikea ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   41–57

1. BAB IV Zaman Arian Akhir

1. HALAMAN

1. Konstantius—Atanasius—Yulianus—Gereja Pagan dan Teologi-nya—Penindasan oleh Valensius—Semi-Arian ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   58–70

2. BAB V Para Teolog Kapadokia

3. Zaman Kesusastraan paling brilian dari Gereja Yunani—Basil—Gregorius Nazianzen—Gregorius dari Nisa—Apolinaris ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   71–84

4. BAB VI Gerakan yang berujung pada Konsili Kalsedon

5. Teodosius Agung—Krisostom—Kontroversi Kristologi—Nestorianisme—Konsili Efesus—Eutikianisme—Konsili Kalsedon ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   85–101

6. BAB VII Ketegangan Monofisit

7. Gagasan Monofisit—Theotokos—Timotius Ælurus—Timotius Salofaciolus—Peter the Fuller—Heneticon karya Zeno—Acephali ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   102–116

8. BAB VIII Kontroversi Kristologi Berikutnya

9. Yustinianus dan Teodora—"Tiga Bab"—Kontroversi Monotelet—Severus dari Konstantinopel—Sirus dan Sofronius—Ecthesis—Type—Konsili Umum Keenam (Konstantinopel Ketiga) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   117–131

10. BAB IX Organisasi dan Ibadah

11. Uskup—Metropolitan—Patriark—Patriarkat Konstantinopel baru—Gregorius Agung—John the Faster—Doktrin Transubstansiasi ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    132–146

1. BAB X Monastisisme Timur

1. HALAMAN

1. (1) Asketisisme Umum—(2) Asketisisme Khusus—(3) Ankoritisme—Palladius—(4) Cœnobitisme—(5) Monastisisme Terregulasi ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   147–159

2. DIVISI II ZAMAN ISLAM   BAB I Kebangkitan dan Penyebaran Islam

3. Ketiadaan Abad Pertengahan di Gereja-gereja Oriental—Muhammad—Doktrin-doktrin Islam—Heraklius dan Kemenangan-kemenangannya—Laju Bangsa Arab—Perlakuan umat Kristen oleh Muslim ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   160–173

4. BAB II Seni Rupa Bizantium

5. Arsitektur Bizantium dan Gothik—Basilika—St. Sophia—Ikon ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   174–186

6. BAB III Reformasi Ikonoklastik

7. Kebangkitan Kekaisaran—Leo orang Isauria—Ikonoklasme—Konstantinus Kopronikus—Abbas Stefanus ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   187–200

8. BAB IV Restorasi Pemujaan Gambar

9. Leo orang Armenia—Konstantinus Porfirogenitus—Permaisuri Irene—Konsili Umum Ketujuh (Nikæa kedua)—Reformasi Leo—Yohanes dari Damaskus—Teodorus dari Studium ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   201–215

1. BAB V Paulisianus

1. PAGES

1. Cikal Bakal Nama—Kunci Kebenaran—Konstantinus dari Mananalis atau "Silvanus"—Paulus orang Armenia—Sergius—Permaisuri Teodora—Paulisianus di Trakia—Eukit—Bogomil ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   216–228

2. BAB VI Skisma Besar

3. Perpecahan Dunia Kristen—Sebab: (1) Perbedaan Ras; (2) Perpecahan Dua Kekaisaran; (3) Persaingan Patriark; (4) Klausa Filioque—Perpecahan Akhir ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   229–241

4. BAB VII Perang Salib

5. Sebab Perang Salib—Urbanus ii. dan Petrus sang Eremit—Perang Salib Pertama—Bernardinus dari Clairvaux dan Perang Salib Kedua dan Ketiga—Perang Salib Keempat—Invasi Wilayah Yunani oleh Barat—"Kekaisaran" Latin Konstantinopel ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   242–255

6. BAB VIII Gereja Yunani pada Kejatuhan Kekaisaran Bizantium

7. Kemunduran Kekaisaran Bizantium—"Kaisar-kaisar" Latin—Restorasi Kekaisaran Bizantium oleh Mikael—Patriark Arsenius—Negosiasi dengan Kepausan—Konstantinus Palæologus—Muhammad ii.—Kejatuhan Konstantinopel. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   256–272

8. BAB IX Kehidupan dan Catatan dalam Gereja Bizantium

9. Gema-gema Kontroversi Lama—Pemerintahan Gereja—Liturgi St. Basil dan St. Krisostom—Kitab-kitab Pelayanan—Para Sejarawan Bizantium—Para Penulis Bizantium Berikutnya—Kisah Barlaam dan Yosafat—Kidung-kidung Yunani—Para Biarawan Gunung Athos—Kondisi Agama dan Moral Gereja ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   273–291

1. BAGIAN II GEREJA-GEREJA TERPISAH

1. HALAMAN

1. Pengenalan Gereja-gereja Terpisah ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   292–294

2. DIVISI I GEREJA PERDANA DI LUAR KEKAISARAN

3. Gereja Perdana di Persia—Penindasan di bawah Sapor—Perpindahan Agama Bangsa Goth—Ulfila ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   295–308

4. DIVISI II GEREJA YUNANI MODERN   BAB I Kiril Lukar dan reformasi

5. Janisari—Patriark Konstantinopel di bawah Sultan—Kontak dengan Lutheran—Kiril Lukar—Pengakuan Imannya—Kiril di Konstantinopel—Upayanya saat Reformasi ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   309–324

6. BAB II Gereja Yunani Berikutnya di bawah Turki

7. Patriark dan uskup—Perebutan Venesia—Pemberontakan Yunani—Philiké Hetairia—Pembantaian Orang Turki di Morea—Penghukuman Mati Patriark Gregorios—Gereja Independen Yunani ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   325–339

8. BAB III Cabang-cabang Gereja Yunani

9. Siprus—Georgia—Bulgaria—Servia—Bosnia dan Herzegovina ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   340–354

10. DIVISI III GEREJA RUSIA   BAB I Cikal Bakal Kekristenan di Rusia

11. Bangsa Sklav—Misi Awal—Putri Olga—Vladimir ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    355–370

1. BAB II Invasi Rusia oleh Mongolia

1. PAGES

1. Penyebaran Injil di Rusia—Perpisahan Sementara dengan Konstantinopel—Invasi Mongol—Dampak pada Rusia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   371–384

2. BAB III Kebangkitan Rusia

3. Reformasi Disiplin Gereja—Polandia dan Lituania—Isidorus—Rusia dan Zaman Baru—Metropolitan Zosimus—Ivan yang Mengerikan ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   385–403

4. BAB IV Patriarkat

5. Cikal Bakal Patriarkat Moskwa—Upaya memenangkan Rusia terhadap Roma—Dmitri palsu—Filaret—"Pengakuan Iman" Petrus Mogila—Patriark Nikon ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   404–419

6. BAB V Petrus Agung dan Sinode Suci

7. Kehidupan dan Sifat Petrus—Perombakan Kekaisaran—Sinode Suci—Reaksi Konservatif—Kondisi Gereja Rusia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   420–433

8. BAB VI Gereja Ortodoks di Rusia Modern

9. Katarina ii.—Serafim dan Fotius—Aleksander dan Emansipasi Buruh Tani ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   434–440

10. BAB VII Sekte-sekte Rusia

11. Raskolnik—"Pemercaya Lama"—Popòftsky—Befpopòftsky—Philippoftsky—Teodosian—Pomortsky—Jumper—Khlysty—Skoptsy—Molokan—Donkhobor—Stundis—Count Tolstoi ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    441–458

1. DIVISI IV GEREJA SIRIA DAN ARMENIA   BAB I Kekristenan Siria Awal

1. PAGES

1. Gereja-gereja Lembah Efrat—Empat Pengaruh Terpisah—Legende Abgar—Palut—Tatianus—Bardaisanus—Homili Efrat—Kisah Rasul Tomas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   459–476

2. BAB II Nestorian Siria

3. Nestorian di Edessa—Rabbula—Katolikos—Kitab Para Gubernur karya Tomas dari Marka—Monastisisme Siria—Biara Beth ‘Abhê ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   477–492

4. BAB III Nestorian Berikutnya, Kaldæa, dan Yakobit

5. Nestorian di bawah Kekhalifahan—Penindasan Muslim—Yakobit—Jacob al Bardai—Penindasan Monofisit Siria—Tetrateis—Sastra Gereja Siria ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   493–509

6. BAB IV Nestorian dari Timur Jauh

7. Misi Siria—Kisah Rasul Tomas—India—Gereja Siria di Travancore—Salib-salib Tua ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   510–522

8. BAB V Kekristenan Timur Berikutnya

9. Portugis di India—Xaverius—Inkuisisi di Goa—Sinode Diamper—Belanda di Cochin—Kekristenan Siria di Tiongkok—Kekristenan Siria di Turki—Misi-misi Katolik Roma dan Protestan ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   523–538

1. BAB VI Gereja Armenia

1. HALAMAN

1. Periode Legenda—Gregorius sang Iluminator—Mesrob—Konsili Tiben—Konsili Karana—Pergesekan dari Gereja Yunani—Konstitusi Armenia—Pendudukan Rusia di Armenia—Pembantaian ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   539–552

2. DIVISI V GEREJA-GEREJA KOPTIK DAN ABISINIA   BAB I Cikal Bakal dan Sejarah Awal Gereja Koptik

3. Koptik—Cikal Bakal Kekristenan di Mesir—Karakteristiknya—Pertentangan Aleksandria dengan Nestorianisme—Para Biarawan—Skisma Monofisit ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   553–571

4. BAB II Penaklukan Persia dan Arab

5. Koptik pada masa Invasi—Kegagalan Heraklius selaku Penguasa—Invasi Muslim—Patriark Nasional Benyamin—Patriark Melkit Kiril—Mukauka—Ketetapan Muslim ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   572–584

6. BAB III Koptik di bawah Kekhalifahan

7. Seni Rupa Koptik—Yohanes Semundæus—Kekhalifahan Bersahabat—Penindasan—Skandal Simoni—Zaman Fatimiyah ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   585–602

8. BAB IV Zaman Turki

9. Sultan-sultan Turki—Koptik pada masa Perang Salib—Sengketa soal Pengakuan Iman terhadap Censer—Saladin—Mamluk—Koptik pada Zaman Modern ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   603–614

10. BAB V Kekristenan Abisinia

11. Etiopia—Frumentius dan Ædesius—Menghilangnya Kekristenan dari Nubia—Isolasi Abisinia—Utusan Portugis—Perjalanan Bruce—Keadaan terkini ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    615–626

12. Indeks ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    627

Sumber: wikisource:The Greek and Eastern Churches